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Practical approach in design and installation of detuned capacitor banks
During last two or three decades, the number of nonlinear electrical loads inside all types of buildings and facilities (residential, business, commercial and industrial) has been significantly...
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6 common bus configurations in substations up to 345 kV
This technical article explains six most common bus configurations used for distribution, transmission, or switching substations at voltages up to 345 kV. Presented single line diagrams and layouts...
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6 system requirements of HV and EHV circuit breakers
With the phenomenal growth of the power system (EHV and HV) the duties that a circuit breaker is called upon to perform, besides the ability to handle short circuits, have... Read more The post 6...
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Remote control systems and communication devices in secondary substations
This technical article deals with the devices that makes possible the interface with the primary process (e.g. cables and switchgear) in a secondary substations from a central point, like central......
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Transformer no-load loss and excitation-current measurements
A transformer dissipates a constant no-load loss as long as it is energized at constant voltage, 24 h a day, for all conditions of loading. This power loss represents a... Read more The post...
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Practical steps in the design of a substation grounding
Grounding at power substations is extremely important. Grounding system provides the ground connection for the grounded neutral for transformers, reactors, and capacitors and also the discharge path...
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Electrical design of healthcare facilities (essential system requirements)
Due to the critical nature of the care being provided at healthcare facilities and their increasing dependence on electrical equipment for preservation of life, they have special requirements for...
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7 routine tests for a dry-type transformer you should perform during...
This technical article briefly describes seven very important tests you should perform during commissioning of a dry-type transformer. Usually tests are performed in the factory where transformers are...
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Minimizing failure impact in distribution systems by allowing faults to clear...
Distribution systems are basically insecure – failure of a major component always leads to customer interruptions. So, what can be done? Reliable distribution systems minimize this impact by allowing...
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Properly engineered and installed selective coordination between LV circuit...
It’s extremely important to work on selective coordination of circuit breakers in the design phase of a system. After switchboards, distribution panels, MCCs, lighting switchboards, etc. are...
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Learn to read and understand single line diagrams and wiring diagrams
Single line diagrams are used in common engineering practice as graphical representation of electrical switchboard or assembly containing more sections, i.e. cubicles. Basically, they are simplified...
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Learn HV substation elements (graphic symbols, basics & connection schemes)
High voltage substations are pretty complex to understand since they have a way too many elements and each element is complex for itself and it depends on many system parameters... Read more The post...
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Single line diagrams of substations 66/11 kV and 11/0.4 kV (reading & analysis)
This technical article describes single line diagrams of two typical power substations 66/11 kV and 11/0.4 kV and their power flow, principles of incoming lines (incomers) and outgoing lines...
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Three good examples of the application of modern relays to transformer...
This technical article provides three examples of the application of modern relays to transformer protection. As there are many modern protection relays nowadays that provide advanced software to...
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Spot network systems for distribution of electric power in downtown areas of...
The AC secondary network system is the system that has been used for many years to distribute electric power in the high-density, downtown areas of cities, usually in the form... Read more The post...
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Ultra-high voltage (UHV) AC gas insulated switchgear (GIS) for 1000kV and above
Ultra-high voltage (UHV) AC gas insulated switchgear (GIS) can corrctly work only if all its internal components are properly assembled and the metal enclosure is filled with SF6 gas at... Read more...
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Internal electrical systems within nuclear power plant stations (power sources)
Electrical systems within a nuclear power plant (NPP) deserve significant design considerations. The availability of on-site as well as off-site power plays a crucial role in nuclear power plant...
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The concept of redundancy in the power circuits
Generally speaking, distribution substations should be designed with redundancy allowing a portion of feeders to remain energized if any major component fails or is taken out of service for...
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How to make calculation for a distribution substation 10/0.4 kV, 2×1600 kVA
Distribution substations with installed power of 2×1600 kVA are typical example of electrical power supply facilities which can be often seen all around the Europe and wider. By “calculation” of......
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Theorems and network reductions that every electrical engineer MUST know
Most practical power system problems are solved by using steady state analytical methods. These methods make the assumption that circuit parameters are linear, bilateral, and constant for constant...
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