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3 most important routine tests for successful verification of a low voltage...
Individual tests or routine verifications are intended to check the essential safety aspects of LV assemblies that could be affected by hazards during mounting or possible manufacturing faults. In...
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The basic protection schemes for 4 typical transformer types in power system
The degree of transformer protection provided depends to a great extent upon the size and functional importance of the unit. A further important factor is the economic aspect. The cost... Read more...
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The essentials of radial distribution system and its subtransmission circuits
Electric distribution system is all of that part of an electric power system between the bulk power source or sources and the consumers’ service switches. The bulk power sources are... Read more The...
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The case of phase-to-phase fault in a 13.8 kV switchgear caused by heavy rain
In this case study we describe a 13.8 kV switchgear phase-to-phase fault due to by heavy rain evolving into a three-phase fault that was cleared by transformer numerical relays. The... Read more The...
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6 tools you MUST learn before programming numerical protection relays for real
Developing basic setting specifications for numerical relays is a boring process for most electrical engineers, but not for the protection engineers! It requires significant input data but, for the...
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The theory behind reactive energy compensation that every engineer should know
Reactive energy compensation is an essential process in improving energy efficiency. It reduces the power consumption and thus its cost, enables optimum use of installations by preventing them being...
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Solving the architectural and reliability puzzle of a protection and control...
This technical article discusses some of the basics of protection and control as successfully used for decades. Majority of these general requirements will have to be retained by new...
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Integration of IEC 61850 in power plant automation, control, and protection...
IEC 61850 is much more than a protocol. The general scope of the standard is designed to support the communication of all functions being performed in a substation. Its main... Read more The post...
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8 common mistakes in reading and creating single line and wiring diagrams
Introduction As I wrote in one of my previous articles, called How to read single line and wiring diagrams, single line diagrams are simplified and digest picture of whole switchboard,... Read more...
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What is the unit protection and why it’s widely used in transmission networks
The whole power system must be protected. This is achieved by dividing it into overlapping zones. If a fault occurs in a particular zone, only the protection system covering that... Read more The post...
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Fire behaviour and construction safety precautions for installation of cables...
Although the type of cable and conductor is the determining factor in the fire behaviour of ducts and conduits, the choice of cable tray type and the installation of the... Read more The post Fire...
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Major components you can spot while looking at opened LV and MV switchboards
Depending on the size of the building or factory site and whether the supply is high voltage or low voltage, there may be requirements for both a main high voltage... Read more The post Major...
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Typical electrical distribution scheme and SCADA system of an oil/gas...
Power can be provided from mains power or from local gas turbines or diesel generator sets. Large facilities have high power demands, from 30 MW and upwards to several hundred... Read more The post...
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The most important precautions during commissioning and start up of LV...
Low voltage switchgear can often be very complex and expensive piece of electrical equipment, usually representing one of the most critical and crucial parts of the project. In order to... Read more...
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Using earth & phase directional protection where power flow direction might...
Directional protection relay is often used in all network parts in which the direction of flow of power might change, notably in the instance of a short circuit between phases... Read more The post...
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Fuses as the oldest and simplest method of protecting rural distribution systems
Fuses are the oldest and simplest methods of protecting rural networks. There is no method as simple as fuses, but don’t be tricked, modern fuses are very reliable devices. All... Read more The post...
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MV/LV transformers – The most common power supply in low voltage networks
The general term power supply in LV networks refers to the supply of electrical energy. The power supply, and more generally the different supplies, are provided by sources (mains supply,... Read more...
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Differential protection of a transmission line with digital communication via...
Wire connections have a limited transmission band(3.4 kHz in the case of telephone twisted pairs). In the past they were used for differential protection with analog (50 Hz) measured value... Read...
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Lightning protection system – How much of design and material is really needed?
Within this article, an overview of fundamental principles regarding design and construction of lightning protection system (LPS) will be given. Relevant IEC 62305 standard will be used as a...
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Protection of pumped storage power plants using vacuum generator circuit...
The pumped storage power plants (PSPP) are one of the commercially proven methods available for grid-scale energy storage. Building additional PSPPs particularly in the areas with high installed...
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