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4 Factors To Consider When Selecting a Sectionalizer
Distribution system protection //Sectionalizers are (beside overcurrent relays, reclosers and fuses) one of the most used for distribution system protection.A sectionalizer is a device that...
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Guidelines To Residential Room Lighting
Recommended illumination levels //Architects of development houses usually select the locations for switches, receptacles, and luminaires at a quality and price level determined by the builder....
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Voltage Drop Calculations For Engineers – Beginners
Voltage drop formulas //Voltage drop calculations using the DC-resistance formula are not always accurate for AC circuits, especially for those with a less-than-unity power factor or for those that use...
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Substation DC Auxiliary Supply – Battery And Charger Applications
DC voltage 110 V or 220 VPower substation can have one or several DC systems. Factors affecting the number of systems are the need of more than one voltage level and the need of duplicating...
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Analysis of pole-mounted MV/LV transformer grounding
MV/LV transformer grounding philosophy //Let’s discuss in some detail the reasons for the grounding philosophy adopted for pole-mounted MV/LV transformer substations illustrated in Figure 0.LV...
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Surge Protective Devices In TN Systems (Guide For Low Voltage Electricians)
Fault conditions //For “protection against electric shock under fault conditions“ in TN systems, overcurrent and residual current devices have been approved.For the use of surge protective devices...
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Acceptable levels of distortion in the mains supply system
Harmonic voltage distortionIn the mains supply system, harmonic voltage distortion is the consequence of the flow of harmonic currents through the impedances in the power supply circuit connected to...
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FACTS Devices To Enhance Power System Performance
The FACTS //Flexible Alternating Current Transmission SystemFlexible Alternating Current Transmission System (FACTS) simply refers to a combination of power electronics components with traditional...
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Substation AC Auxiliary Supply For Inessential Loads
Auxiliary power supply systemsThe purpose of auxiliary power supply systems is to cater for the necessary energy for the operation of primary and secondary devices at the substation. The auxiliary...
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Synchronizing Generator To The Grid
Synchronizing generatorThe physical method //Having discussed the principles of synchronizing generator to the grid, we will look briefly on the physical method of accomplishing it. In theory, there...
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Applying Variable Speed Drives To Control Pressure
Pressure Control Pump Station //Using variable speed drives (VSDs) to control pressure reduces the electrical energy requirements by reducing the amount of hydraulic energy actually produced.A basic...
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Few Things That Capacitors Do Perfectly
Capacitors provide tremendous benefits to distribution system performance. Most noticeably, capacitors reduce losses, free up capacity, and reduce voltage drop. Let’s go a little bit into details....
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Basics Of Distribution Substations For Electrical Engineers (Beginners)
Distribution substations purpose //Distribution substations serve a wide range of private and public customers in distributing electric power. They can be shareholder, cooperatively, privately, and...
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6 Voltages a Person Can Be Exposed To In a Substation
Dangerous voltages in substation //Figures 1 and 2 show the voltages a person can be exposed to in a substation. The following definitions describe the voltages //Ground potential rise (GPR)Mesh...
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10 Important Definitions Applied To Low Voltage Fuses
Low Voltage Fuses //The simplest overcurrent protective devicesThe simplest of all overcurrent protective devices are fuses. A fuse is an overcurrent protective device with a circuit-opening fusible...
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Testing Challenges in Large Ground Systems
Large Ground SystemsAccurately Measuring Earth ResistanceLarge ground systems, such as those found in substations and power stations, are an important part of the protection of the electricity supply...
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7 Methods To Avoid Insulator Flashovers
Transmission Line Insulator FlashoversContamination caused insulator flashovers produce frequent outages in severely contaminated areas. Lines closer to the ocean are in more danger of becoming...
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9 Basic Dimensioning Rules For All Circuits
Dimensioning & network calculation //Basically, the dimensioning process itself is easy to understand and can be performed using simple means. Its complexity lies in the procurement of the...
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4 Things Soil Resistivity Depends On
Soil resistivity definition //Though the ground itself being a very large body can act as an infinite sink for currents flowing into it and can be considered to be having very low resistance to current...
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Phases and wires in distribution of AC power
Distribution of AC power //AC power transmission is always at high voltage and mostly by 3-phase system. The use of single-phase system is limited to single-phase electric railways. Single-phase power...
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