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Five Terms You MUST Be Familiar With: SCADA, DCS, PLC, RTU and Smart Instrument
This technical article shed light on terminology used in the field of SCADA and industrial automation. The terms SCADA, distributed control system (DCS), programmable logic controller (PLC), remote...
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What is the Ground Potential Rise in your home and why you should take it...
People familiar with electricity frequently accept the idea that “Ground is ground,” i.e., that in a house, especially with a grounding system that complies with the NEC or CEC, all... Read moreThe...
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3 Common Transformer Phenomena That Should Worry Substation Engineers
Even with the best engineering practices, abnormal situations can arise that may produce damage to power transformer and other equipment and compromise the continuity of the delivery of quality...
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High Voltage Cables In a Nutshell (Technology, Bonding, Installation and...
Differences between the electrical characteristics of overhead transmission lines and high voltage AC cables are fundamental and must be considered. This article gives a brief introduction to cable...
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The Most Used Outdoor Switchyard Layouts You Should Know About
The arrangement of outdoor switchgear layouts and installations is mostly influenced by economic considerations, in particular adaptation to the space available and the operational requirements of...
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Substation level data acquisition architecture and communication protocol...
This technical article reviews substation level data acquisition architecture and communication protocol described in IEC 61850. IEC 61850 is the current international standard for substation...
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The essential physics behind transformer differential protection (You MUST know)
Transformers are important system components available in many different constructions. The range of HV transformers reaches from small distribution transformers (from 100 kVA) up to large transformers...
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Lecture Notes In DC Electric Sources and Principles Of Electrical Circuits
DC sources refer to sources of electrical energy which are associated with constant voltages and currents. A DC power supply can be constructed as an electronic circuit operating from the... Read...
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Earthing In a Nutshell (Classification, Isolated Neutral, Methods Of Neutral...
The term earthing or grounding means connecting the non-current-carrying parts of the electrical equipment or the neutral point of the supply system to the general mass of earth in such... Read moreThe...
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What’s really important to achieve in transmission line protection relaying?
As you already know, the real purpose of transmission line protection is to detect faults or abnormal operating conditions and to initiate corrective action. Protective relays must be able to... Read...
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How optical communication cables work and how they differ from other cables
In several previous articles I mentioned optical fibre in the context of substation automation, protection signaling, communication between electrical devices, LAN communications, etc. Now I will get...
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Current heat losses produced by electrical operational equipment in LV...
It is widely accepted by all manufacturers that accumulation of heat (leading to overheating of devices) in switchgear is one of the greatest risks that could shorten the life expectancy... Read...
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Design of primary and secondary power distribution in car manufacturing...
When power supply systems for car manufacturing plant are planned, each individual problem can be faced in various ways: by means of technical solutions that feature specific technical advantages....
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Communications in power system protection (medias, protocols and network...
A communication system consists of a transmitter, a receiver and communication channels. Type of medias and network topologies in communications provide different opportunities to advance the speed,...
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Why Raise the Power Factor? The Basics Every Electrical Engineer Should...
A low power factor causes poor system efficiency. The total apparent power must be supplied by the electric utility. With a low power factor, or a high-kilovar component, additional generating... Read...
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Critical role of time synchronisation in IEC 61850 based digital protection...
The needs and exact precision of time synchronization in IEC 61850 based digital protection systems have evolved. With new technologies and better distribution methods, most modern intelligent...
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MV/LV Power Substations Design and Schematics Notes (Network Supply and...
Early consultation with the local Electricity Distributor is essential for agreement on a mutually approved MV/LV substation to act as the intake point for a particular site. This consultation is......
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4 ways to bolster the short-circuit withstand capability of HV transformers...
There are many methods applied to bolster the short circuit withstand capability of the transformers: improvement of the materials, reforming of the design and good maintenance in the operation...
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16 power correction devices available to install and really improve the power...
All modern electronic devices are vulnerable to the poor power quality. But why? What can you do about it? This technical article describes 12 types of power correction devices (16... Read moreThe post...
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Current and voltage transformers (CTs and VTs) as protection’s eyes and ears
The CTs (current transformers) and VTs (voltage transformers) are provided in the plants to reduce the voltage and current values of the plant to values such as to be able... Read moreThe post Current...
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