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Step-by-step tutorial for building capacitor bank and reactive power...
Design of reactive power compensation panel is much different and not that simple like standard distribution panel. When dealing with such panels, there are dozen of parameters to specify and... Read more
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Achieving Relay Coordination and Selective Short Circuit Protection In...
The selected protection principle affects the operating speed of the protection, which has a significant impact on the harm caused by short circuits. The faster the protection operates, the smaller......
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Have you experienced incorrectly specified CT? Cannot be manufactured?
When a CT manufacturer says that he is unable to manufacture the requested CT, nine times out of ten this is because the CT has been incorrectly specified. To eliminate... Read more
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Why does generator-current breaking differ from other switching devices in...
There are few switching situations that differ from the duties standardized for switching devices in transmission and distribution systems. One of these special situations are generator-current...
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Reading and Understanding AC and DC Schematics In Protection And Control...
This technical article explains the AC/DC schematic representation of the protection and control systems used on power networks. This includes AC schematics and DC schematics and diagrams that...
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Understanding Substation Single Line Diagrams and IEC 61850 Process Bus...
The single line diagram (SLD) is the most basic of the set of diagrams that are used to document the electrical functionality of the substation. Its emphasis is on communicating... Read more
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Why Ground Fault Protection Matters and Which Scheme For Sensing Ground...
A ground fault normally occurs in one of two ways: by accidental contact of an energized conductor with normally grounded metal, or as a result of an insulation failure of... Read more
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Good Practice Rules For In-Process Inspection Of Low Voltage Switchboard
The purpose of in-process inspection is to ensure product conformity after each manufacturing operation. This process concerns all the manufacturing operations done by the workshop operators....
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Key Hardware and Software Components of Energy Management Systems (EMS)
The complete Energy Management System (EMS) system along with SCADA and the front-end systems have been identified as one of the more complex systems deployed. The only system that could... Read more
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Design and Installation of Medium Voltage Switchgear (Facts You MUST Know)
When specifying and planning medium voltage switchgear for a substation, functions and influencing factors must be matched and an economically efficient solution must be found among the offerings of...
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The Most Important Tests For Medium Voltage Metal-Enclosed Switchgear (You...
The design of the insulation system for metal-enclosed switchgear is based upon life expectancy of about 30 years. However, environmental conditions such as dirt, moisture, and corrosive atmosphere can...
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How Sensors and Actuators Work Behind RTUs and SCADA Systems
RTUs (remote terminal units) are now made from small computers. Shortly after this began, controller algorithms were programmed into the RTU. Flow totalizers, power factor calculators, and logic...
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Communication Channels As The Weakest Link In The System Protection Chain
Protection engineers have a variety of communication channels to use for relay protection. This is a field in itself, and is very important for a discussion of the protective systems.... Read moreThe...
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The Essentials Of Substations, Electrical Equipment and Busbar Arrangements
Electrical power systems nowadays are generated, transmitted, and distributed in the form of alternating current. The electric power is produced at the power stations which are located in suitable...
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HV Substation Equipment For Engineers In a Nutshell
Substations are locations where transmission lines are tied together. They fulfill a number of functions. One of them is that they allow power from different generating stations to be fed... Read...
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Coordination problems in electrical networks that lead to nuisance CB tripping
There are a number of problems that commonly occur in industrial and commercial networks, and some of them are covered in the following paragraphs. Coordination malfunctioning is leading to nuisance......
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Reliability Or Unreliability Of Capacitor Banks, Failure Modes and Case Ruptures
Several problems contribute to the overall reliability or unreliability of capacitor banks. In a detailed analysis of Kansas City Power & Light’s automated capacitor banks, Goeckeler reported that...
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6 different types of relaying schemes to protect the EHV and UHV transmission...
A substation can employ many relaying systems to protect the equipment associated with the station. The most important of these are: transmission and distribution lines emanating from the station,...
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The Essentials Of Low Voltage Installations, Loads and Loads Modelling
Electrical installations are power systems aimed at final low voltage electricity consumption in homes, offices, and small companies. In electrical installation, electricity is usually taken from the...
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Where and Why Do We Use Phase-Shifting Transformers?
Because of the predominantly inductive character of the power system, an active power flow between source and load must be accomplished with a phase lag between the terminals. Phase-shifting...
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