Clik here to view.
Why functional specification is essential for success of a SCADA project
Well documenting the SCADA system requirements is probably the single most significant contributor to the success of a SCADA project. It may seem obvious but let’s say it anyway: writing the...
View ArticleClik here to view.
2 types of synchronisers required on a power system with two supplies
Synchronisers are required at points on a power system where two supplies (either generator and grid, or two grid supplies) may need to be paralleled. They are more than just a measuring... Read more
View ArticleClik here to view.
Three abnormal situations leading to an uncontrolled release of SF6 gas
This technical article deals with the assessment of risk to personnel in the case of an abnormal situation leading to an uncontrolled release of SF6 gas into the atmosphere. Generally , such... Read more
View ArticleClik here to view.
System earthings and incidents on MV side that result in LV disturbances
Low voltage networks, unless a replacement uninterruptible power supply (with galvanic insulation) or a LV/LV transformer is used, are influenced by MV. This influence takes the form of: capacitive...
View ArticleClik here to view.
Power quality monitoring with line disturbance analyzers and voltage recorders
Many power quality problems are caused by inadequate wiring or improper grounding. These problems can be detected by simple examination of the wiring and grounding systems. Another large population of...
View ArticleClik here to view.
How choice of system earthing affects low voltage switchgear?
Choice of system earthing affects not only dependability (in the largest sense) but also installation, in particular with respect to the low voltage switchgear to be implemented. The three system...
View ArticleClik here to view.
The basics of capacitor banks protection
As you already know, capacitor banks are normally used in medium voltage networks to generate reactive power to industries etc. Capacitor banks are, almost always, equipped with a series reactors to...
View ArticleClik here to view.
How do faults develop in a HV transformer and why condition monitoring is...
Condition monitoring equipment that can be used to extend the life of a transformer or to prevent catastrophic failure could pay for itself many times over. However, condition monitoring does not...
View ArticleClik here to view.
Automation of secondary distribution networks in rural areas
The challenges in network automation for rural areas are similar to those in urban areas, however the network topology may be very different. A typical conventional network topology is shown in...
View ArticleClik here to view.
Easy understanding of 3-phase transformer connections (Delta–Delta, Wye–Wye,...
Three-phase voltage transformations can be accomplished by using three phase transformers, which are single devices with all windings constructed on a single iron core. Three phase voltage...
View ArticleClik here to view.
Practical solutions for preventing or damping ferroresonance in electrical...
Ferroresonance is a non-linear resonance phenomenon that can affect power networks. The abnormal rates of harmonics and transient or steady state overvoltages and overcurrents that it causes are often...
View ArticleClik here to view.
11-step procedure for a successful electrical circuit design (LV project...
Let’s take an example of electrical circuit design. A consumer lives in a bungalow with a detached garage and workshop, as shown in Figure 1. The building method is traditional... Read more
View ArticleClik here to view.
What does bonding (bonded) mean and what does NEC article 250 say about it?
The National Electrical Code (NEC) covers grounding and bonding in several articles, but the primary coverage is in Article 250. Typical commercial electrical systems are grounded systems. Within the...
View ArticleClik here to view.
Three proven ways to reduce electrical energy losses in buildings
As savings in terms of costs are the main concern for the operators, the first approach is to try to reduce electrical energy losses in buildings. Also, the electricity supply... Read more
View ArticleClik here to view.
Unbalance protection of grounded & ungrounded wye shunt capacitor banks
The protection of shunt capacitor banks against internal faults involves several protective devices in a coordinated scheme. Typically, the protective elements found in a shunt capacitor banks (SCB)...
View ArticleClik here to view.
3 greatest enemies to the transformer operation (and how to prevent them)
The principal object of transformer maintenance is to maintain the insulation in good condition. Moisture, dust and excessive heat are the main reasons of insulation deterioration and avoidance of...
View ArticleClik here to view.
Practical methods of reducing noise and interference on cables
A few practical methods of reducing noise will be examined in this technical article. These include a quantitative consideration of the effects of shielding, cable spacing, earthing (or grounding)...
View ArticleClik here to view.
20 Simple Questions to Check Your Overcurrent Protection Knowledge
As you already know, reliable overcurrent protective devices, such as fuses and circuit breakers, prevent or minimize costly damage to transformers, conductors, motors, equipment, and the other many...
View ArticleClik here to view.
Reactive power & power factor measurement in industrial plant
A varmeter is used to measure the reactive power in an industrial plant that is supplied by an 8300-V, three-phase, four-wire line. The plant load is estimated to be 300... Read more
View ArticleClik here to view.
How to install a manual transfer switch for a backup system in 16 steps
A manual transfer switch is installed next to the main service panel to override the normal electrical service with power from a backup generator during a power outage. Manual transfer... Read more
View Article