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Auto-reclose schemes for re-energising the line after a fault trip
Faults on overhead lines fall into one of three categories: transient, semi-permanent and permanent. 80-90% of faults on any overhead line network are transient in nature. The remaining 10%-20% of...
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How to calculate number of steps & reactive power of the capacitor banks
Depending on the size of a compensation unit, it is assembled with capacitors of equal size (in bigger units) or of different size. A unit with a total reactive power of, for example, 300... Read more
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Troubleshooting of a telemetry system (from RTU to the SCADA computer...
This technical article reviews certain methodologies that may be followed for effective troubleshooting of a telemetry system from the digital or analog field input/output at the RTU to the computer...
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4 medium voltage switching equipment for primary substation installations
This technical article covers the medium voltage switching equipment intended mainly for primary substation installations. The target is to give some basic knowledge and difference between 4 main piece...
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Selecting the suitable frequency converter and motor for these 3 applications
The motor is selected according to the basic information about the process. Speed range, torque curves, ventilation method and motor loadability give guidelines for motor selection. Often it is worth...
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Recommended maintenance practice for electric motors and generators
Maintenance practice recommendations for electric motors and generators: Induction motors Synchronous machines Notes Motors are inherently highly reliable, requiring little routine maintenance. This...
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Generator stability and what happens when it’s out of step
Generators can really be described as the reason for being a power station. The operation of the turbine-generator system is second in criticality only to the operation of the nuclear reactor and......
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Generation of high voltages in the lab (AC/DC, switching and lightning impulse)
Benjamin Franklin – The man who dared to fly his kite in a thunder storm! In this technical article laboratory tests and test equipment needed to assess the performance of insulating materials... Read...
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8 typical transformer protection schemes with correctly selected relays
This article shows application hints for typical transformer protection schemes where SIPROTEC 4 relays are used. Let’s see the most typical transformer applications and their protection schemes: Small...
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12 installation tips for implementing a good residual protection
All installations have an earth leakage current that is mainly due to the conductor’s capacitive leakage and to anti-parasitic or EMI filtering capacitors, for example class I equipment. The sum of...
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Low voltage ride through in grid connected hybrid renewable energy systems
Researches so far shows that, by 2020, around 20% of the total energy production worldwide will be generated from renewable energy. But the major problem with the standalone system is that the... Read...
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3 earthing fault typologies and connection of the CB poles in a DC network
In order to break a short-circuit current in a d.c. system, it is necessary to connect the circuit breaker (CB) poles in a suitable way. To carry out this operation, it’s necessary... Read more
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Did you test your electrician’s skills recently? Take the quiz. It’s time!
It’s always a good idea to put the sparks into your memory and shed light on things you have learned years ago. Whether you are a rookie in a field of electrical... Read more
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Philosophy of a good protection settings for machines and plants
The objectives of the protection system are: to limit damage to people and to the plant, permit different service conditions, guarantee maximum service continuity for the plant not affected by faults...
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4 most popular PLC programming languages for implementation of control diagrams
PLCs from different manufacturers can be programmed in various ways. Popular programming languages for PLCs are ladder diagrams, Function Block Diagrams (FBD), and statement list. With a few...
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Commissioning substation busbars in an efficient and modern way
The commissioning procedure of substation busbars for differential protection and other busbar protection schemes involves a large number of input and output circuits that require a verification check...
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Pre-commissioning tests and in-service checks of protection system
The pre-commissioning tests need to be carefully programmed so that they take place in a logical and efficient order, in order that no equipment is disturbed again during subsequent tests. Before...
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Lock-out tag-out practice and seven other steps that save lives
Lock-Out / Tag-Out (LOTO) refers to the specific practices and guidelines to safeguard employees from the unexpected start-up, movement, activation, energizing, release of energy, etc of machinery,...
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Practice for good grounding and bonding a home wiring system
All home electrical systems must be bonded and grounded according to code standards. This entails two tasks: First, the metal water and gas pipes must be connected electrically to create a...
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Wiring tips for connections and routing inside industrial control panel
Wiring industrial control panels is a complex process and it needs a number of carefully planned and performed details. However, there are dozen of tips and advices on how to do this... Read more
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