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Learn how to read and analyze control circuits of MV gas insulated switchgear...
Previously, an introductory part of the GIS and its components were discussed to pave the way for the GIS control circuits. Moreover, the single-line diagram example for a double-bus and a single...
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Recommendations for the successful erection of medium voltage switchgear
Electrical engineers working on project execution know that switchgear erection brings many challenges, no matter the voltage level. The switchgear cannot always be assembled in the factory and...
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Functional testing of IEC 61850 based Substation Automation Systems
Testing the protection element settings of IEDs and protection schemes are well established practices when testing a Protection, Automation and Control (PAC) system. Tools and methods are available to...
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Troubleshooting Buchholz relay and recommended actions when it operates
This technical article provides guidance on the possible causes of Buchholz relay operation and recommends actions following the receipt of a Buchholz surge trip or gas collection alarm. It covers......
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Sizing of 110V DC charger for MV panels – Auxiliary power supply in power...
An auxiliary DC power system that consists of a charger, battery bank, DC distribution system, and monitoring system is a critical part of the primary/secondary substation. It is directly...
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The mystery of nuisance tripping incidents in transformer protection that...
This technical article deals with transformer failure incidents due to nuisance tripping caused by various design flaws, operational conditions, or improper protection relay settings. The focus is on...
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The art of load shedding and online applications in a power system under an...
Load shedding is a controllable reduction of a predetermined amount of the load power consumption according to specific shedding criteria. The predetermined amount of load to be shed is...
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Hey engineers, wish you a happy and normal new year, 2021!
Just a short note from me today, the end of this crazy year. I’d like to wish you a normal and happy New Year on behalf of myself and everyone... Read more The post Hey engineers, wish you a happy and...
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A few practical ways to determine required reactive energy compensation for a...
This article will shed some light on how adding capacitors gives the distribution system the necessary reactive power to return the power factor to the required level. Capacitors act as... Read more...
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The mystery of nuisance tripping incidents in transformer protection that...
This technical article deals with transformer failure incidents due to nuisance tripping caused by various design flaws, operational conditions, or improper protection relay settings. The focus is on...
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Fundamental electrical schemes of connections for supply at generator voltage...
This technical article will shed some light on fundamental schemes and arrangements of connections for supply at generator voltage, higher than generated voltage, and a few basic transmission schemes....
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The essentials of automation applied to distribution systems via PLCs, SCADA,...
Nowadays, it seems that everything we do tend to be somehow automated. The very same is happening in electrical distribution systems. The distribution system at the medium voltage (MV) or... Read more...
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My experience in drafting the layout of an LV switchgear (equipment, inside...
Low voltage (LV) switchgear is a broad terminology that includes a wide range of equipment like circuit breakers, switches, offload isolators, MCCBs, etc. within the 1 kV rating required to... Read...
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Three basic principles of differential protection you SHOULD properly understand
The three basic principles of differential protection explained in this article, which has been known for decades, are still applicable and independent of the specific device technology. The...
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Top ten courses on EEP Academy for electrical engineers, technicians and...
Learning and studying have never been easier than nowadays. Since we started the EEP Academy, there are thousands of electrical engineers, students, technicians, and many others who are literally...
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My advice in successful reading single-line, schematic, P&ID, logic, and...
Engineering tasks require a good skill in reading and interpreting information on drawings. Engineering drawings are the industry cornerstone of conveying detailed and precise information on how to...
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Learn how to interpret transformer nameplate information
As we all know, all substation equipment (should) have a metal plate with its “name” on it. Here we’ll discuss power and distribution transformers and information that their nameplates carry.... Read...
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My advice in operating an unknown energized LV switchgear
Switchgear is an integral part of the electrical protection system, which is used for isolating the faulty parts as well as de-energizing the downstream equipment during maintenance or any other......
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Dos, don’ts and precautions in wiring cables and conductors inside...
To be clear from the very beginning of this article, there is no standard model for wiring low voltage switchboards and panelboards. However, for the wide variety of installations and... Read more The...
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My worst experience in testing and commissioning power transformers (and how...
Reliable and secure electric power delivery is dependent on power transformers’ reliability that is enhanced significantly by sound test plans. These test plans shall be prepared by both manufacturers...
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