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How system earthing keeps you and the network safe
The term “earthing” consists of several functions which only have “utilizing the earth” in common. Before describing the system earthing, it can be of interest to know a bit about... Read more The...
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Installation guidelines for MV metal-enclosed switchgear and controlgear (IEC...
What does it mean ‘metal-enclosed switchgear’? Metal-enclosed switchgear and controlgear are generally assembled from type-tested panels. As per IEC 62271-200 metal-enclosed switchgear installations...
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My practical experience in the electrical protection system of industrial...
A functional protection system installed, commissioned, and maintained on critical equipment like an industrial generator is of high importance. As such, every protection system must have the ability...
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Secondary LV/MV distribution substations in a nutshell (connections and types)
The general method of supplying bulk power to buildings, factories or other complexes is by means of an MV supply, usually at 10 kV, occasionally at 6.6 kV. The installation... Read more The post...
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Protection of three-phase motors from unbalance (loss of phase and phase...
The most common cause of unbalance for three-phase motors is the loss of phase resulting from an open fuse, circuit breaker, connector, or damaged conductor. Unbalances in other connected loads......
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Six differential stator-phase-fault protection (87) for all size generators...
Generally, phase faults at generators rarely occur, but when they do, large fault currents can flow and make the mess. The best protection is differential (ANSI 87), and this type... Read more The...
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My experience in solving problems in the cracker plant using a high-speed bus...
Incoming power supply details: Two of 6.6kV voltage lines are connected to the cracker plant from the distribution substation through reactors. Captive power plant (electricity generation facility)...
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How to make the right selection of a digital transducer for power system...
The accurate measurement of the voltage, current or other parameter of a power system is a prerequisite to any form of control, ranging from automatic closed-loop control to the recording... Read more...
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Earth fault protection in a solidly (effectively) earthed high voltage power...
The fault statistic shows that earth faults are the dominating fault type and therefore the earth fault protection is of main importance in a network. The type of earth fault... Read more The post...
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Substation and switchyard support structures for electrical equipment (you...
Substation and switchyard structures are used to support the above-grade components and electrical equipment such as cable bus, rigid bus, and strain bus conductors, switches, surge arresters,...
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The essentials of power-generation systems you MUST know in the middle of the...
When we talk about the power system, there are dozen of essential terms and definitions. One of the most important is for sure that any AC power system begins with... Read more The post The essentials...
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Protection impacts in the intentional islanding of Distributed Generation (DG)
Distributed Generation can potentially increase the distribution system reliability and provide additional technical and economical benefits by allowing intentional islanding or so called micro-grid...
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How to convert old substation to a digital substation?
Typically, substations comprise power elements like power transformers, switches, busbars, etc. and control elements like protection units, metering units, RTUs, SCADA, etc. While the power elements...
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The essentials of electrical systems in cement plants
Many young engineers consider cement plants pretty complicated because of their weird technology. The reason probably lies in the fact that you cannot understand all those technologies unless you...
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Eight fuse characteristics you must consider when designing protection circuits
Fuses were the first type of protection to be used, and they still have a place in numerous applications. Although they do not have the flexibility of adjustment and resetting... Read more The post...
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My experience in the first synchronization of the MV generator in an...
Any power plant commissioning, from small industrial GTG to nuclear facility, will converge to a very final step before (provisional) commercial operation, sometimes empathized as “first kW”:...
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Hints on installation and commissioning power transformers (experience and...
Purchasing a power transformer for a project is always challenging for every electrical engineer dealing with the procurement. You could omit dozens of possible details from the final specification...
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How hard can be analyzing MV switchgear wiring diagrams and single line diagram
The capability of reading different types of drawings is an essential skill to perform almost all of the engineering tasks. The engineering drawings form the building blocks of industry method... Read...
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13 terms concerning relaying, measurements, and breakers used by protection...
It’s not unusual to see graduates and engineers from other disciplines experience difficulties in properly interpreting the terminology used in applying relays, analyzing their performance, and...
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How primary feeder, distribution transformer, fuses and service operate in...
As we already know, distribution transformers step down from the distribution or primary feeder voltage to the utilization voltage. They are connected to the primary feeder, sub-feeders, and laterals...
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