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4 basic designs of an offshore wind farm collector system and important...
As the power capacity of offshore wind farms increases, the adequacy of the wind farm electrical system becomes critical. The efficiency, cost, reliability and performance of the overall wind farm......
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The Basics of Hardware and Software for SCADA Systems You Should Know About
As it is known, the SCADA systems are able to measure and monitor different parameters and variables, such as: the level of liquids, the volume of the gases, the volumetric... Read more
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7 design diagrams that HV substation engineer MUST understand
A substation engineer should have a good understanding of the electrical equipment and layout of HV power substation. It’s also important to understand relationship between protection and the other...
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The Structure of Electric Power Systems (Generation, Distribution and...
From a general perspective, an electric power system is usually understood as a very large network that links power plants (large or small) to loads, by means of an electric... Read more
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Improvement of Power Quality via Dynamic Reactive Power Compensation Systems
In many cases, industrial plants are characterized in particular by the use of highly dynamic drive technology. In addition to the undeniable advantages of these modern technologies, there is the......
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Differential protection of transformers, machines, busbars, lines and feeders
Differential protection is very useful method of protection that can be applied to the protection of any network component, such as transformers, machines, busbars, lines and feeders. The differential...
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Precautions for start and stop control of AC drives and problems that might...
The protection of the mains supply side of the converter requires a short-circuit protection. This can be, either in the form of a set of adequately rated fuses, usually as... Read more
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Troubleshooting three basic hardwired control circuits used in starting...
Generally speaking, basic control circuits are used in starting, stopping, sequencing, and safety automatic interlocking of equipment and machines. The control circuit consists of relays, relay...
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How bad harmonics influence the work of motors and generators, transformers,...
The distortion in the waveform in the load current of any nonlinear device causes similar changes in the voltage waveform relative to the harmonic impedance of the source network. This... Read more
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3 Applications Of Capacitor Banks Used To Correct The Load Power Factor
Capacitors are used in industrial premises for two basic functions: the first, to correct the load power factor, usually to meet the supplying authority’s supply requirements and avoid tariff...
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Commissioning Numerical Protection and Procedure For Carrying Out Performance...
Numerical protection is based on a number of microprocessors that can be programmed to reproduce virtually any type of protection and relay. It represents important advantages in reliability, space...
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How To Calculate and Draw a Single Line Diagram For The Power System
This technical article explains how to calculate and draw a single line diagram of the three-phase, 60-Hz system power system with generators, motors, transformers and lines. The following components...
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Troubleshooting Transformer In Power Substation And Detailed Failure...
Failure of transformer in power substation is not a sudden phenomenon, for that matter each and every failure will take place only after alerting through some pre-signs. If they went... Read more
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Practical Basics Of Synchronous Motors That Every Electrical Engineer Should...
Like the asynchronous motor, the synchronous motor consists of a stator and a rotor separated by the air gap. It differs from the asynchronous motor in that the flux in... Read more
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We can load distribution transformer heavily when it is cold, but when it’s hot…
Distribution transformers (commonly mineral-oil-immersed type) are output rated and their loading and sizing guidelines of many utilities are based on ANSI/IEEE C57.91. Distribution transformers can...
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Overhead vs. Underground Residential Distribution Circuits. Which One Is...
This debate continues. Both designs have advantages (see Table 1). The major advantage of overhead circuits is cost. An underground circuit typically costs anywhere from 1 to 2.5 times the... Read more
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How To Control Reactive Power In Larger Electrical Plants With Multiple Incomers
Most compensation banks are controlled stepwise. For this purpose it is essential to ‘know’ when it is allowed to (de)activate a capacitor step by the power factor relay (controller). The... Read more
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Differential Protection Of Feeders For Transformers And Tee-Offs (Tapped Lines)
On transformer feeders, the transformer and line or cable are connected in series and form a unit. In this manner, one CB can be saved. On feeders with tee-offs, transformers... Read more
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Secondary Injection Tests For Checking The Correct Operation Of The...
Secondary injection tests are always done prior to primary injection tests. The purpose of secondary injection testing is to prove the correct operation of the protection scheme that is downstream......
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How To Choose System’s Earthing Point And What Is The Practice Throughout The...
Normally in directly earthed and effectively earthed systems every available neutral point is earthed. Deviations from this occurs when the transformers neutral points are left unearthed. This is done...
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